Original Research

Tales of the unexpected: Integrating career shocks in the contemporary careers literature

Jos Akkermans, Scott E. Seibert, Stefan T. Mol
SA Journal of Industrial Psychology | Vol 44 | a1503 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v44i0.1503 | © 2018 Jos Akkermans, Scott E. Seibert, Stefan T. Mol | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 23 November 2017 | Published: 19 April 2018

About the author(s)

Jos Akkermans, Department of Management and Organization, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands
Scott E. Seibert, Department of Management, Lundquist College of Business, University of Oregon, United States
Stefan T. Mol, Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands

Abstract

Orientation: This article addresses the interplay between individual agency and contextual factors in contemporary career development processes. In light of the prominence of the former in the contemporary scholarly debate, we present a case for a more comprehensive approach by heeding the latter as well.

 

Research purpose: The main aim of this article was to provide a definition and conceptualisation of career shocks, as well as an agenda for future research on this topic.

 

Motivation for the study: Most of the contemporary careers literature has overemphasised the role of individual agency in career development. While certainly important, we argue that we also need to address the role of context – in this case, career shocks – in order to gain a fuller appreciation of career development processes.

 

Main conclusions and implications: We provide a definition of career shocks based on the existing literature related to chance events and turnover. In addition, we provide an overview of attributes of career shocks, potentially valuable theoretical perspectives and key issues for future research.

 

Contribution: This article brings together several existing streams of literature related to career shocks and provides an integrative definition and conceptualisation. We hope that this will ignite future research on an important but often overlooked topic.


Keywords

career shocks; chance events; career development; sustainable career

Metrics

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78. Influences on Career Decisions: Collaborative systemic exploration of career influences with young Australian undergraduates
Peyman Abkhezr, Caroline Gaderer
Journal of Employment Counseling  vol: 61  issue: 2  first page: 136  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1002/joec.12221

79. I want to break free: the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on work–life balance satisfaction
Vincenzo Alfano, Ilaria Mariotti, Mita Marra, Gaetano Vecchione
Regional Studies, Regional Science  vol: 10  issue: 1  first page: 70  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1080/21681376.2023.2167608

80. Navigating the storm: understanding the impact of a COVID-19-induced negative career shock on career success and life satisfaction in China
Yin Ma, Dawn Bennett, William E. Donald
Journal of Work-Applied Management  vol: 17  issue: 2  first page: 235  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1108/JWAM-06-2024-0070

81. Cultural identity changes of academics in the context of war
Marina Iskhakova, Anna Earl, Yehuda Baruch
Career Development International  first page: 1  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1108/CDI-06-2025-0323

82. Crafting Project Managers’ Careers: Integrating the Fields of Careers and Project Management
Jos Akkermans, Anne Keegan, Martina Huemann, Claudia Ringhofer
Project Management Journal  vol: 51  issue: 2  first page: 135  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1177/8756972819877782

83. Voice of socio-cultural values in the dynamics of career choices for vocational higher education students
Yasdin Yasdin, Hasriani Hasriani, Andi Zulfikar Yusuf
Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning  vol: 15  issue: 4  first page: 822  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1108/HESWBL-05-2024-0126

84. From Discontent to Development: Crafting Sustainable Careers Through Voluntary Turnover Among Academic Professionals in Higher Education
Viktoria Loidl, Jung Sun Sung, Wenhao David Huang
New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1177/19394225261424339

85. Work re‐entry following maternity leave for first‐time mothers: An events, social identity and intersectional theories informed identity work framework
Christine Cross, Colette Darcy, Thomas Garavan
Gender, Work & Organization  vol: 32  issue: 2  first page: 590  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1111/gwao.13162

86. The Impact of Work Engagement on Future Occupational Rankings, Wages, Unemployment, and Disability Pensions—A Register-Based Study of a Representative Sample of Finnish Employees
Jari J. Hakanen, Petri Rouvinen, Ilkka Ylhäinen
Sustainability  vol: 13  issue: 4  first page: 1626  year: 2021  
doi: 10.3390/su13041626

87. Navigating the boomerang mobility process: A conceptual framework and agenda for future research
Katja Dlouhy, Ariane Froidevaux, Jos Akkermans
Applied Psychology  vol: 74  issue: 2  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1111/apps.70012

88. Navigating a double school-to-work transition: how do Chinese graduate students decide where to start their careers after studying abroad?
Di Dong, Jos Akkermans, Svetlana N. Khapova
Career Development International  vol: 30  issue: 2  first page: 139  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1108/CDI-03-2024-0107

89. The Long Reach of Unemployment: Sensitizing or Inoculating Employee Reactions to Job Insecurity?
Maike E. Debus, Tahira M. Probst, Andrea Bazzoli, Hyun Jung Lee
Journal of Business and Psychology  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1007/s10869-025-10052-5

90. Involuntary Career Changes: A Lonesome Social Experience
Jonas Masdonati, Caroline É. Frésard, Michaël Parmentier
Frontiers in Psychology  vol: 13  year: 2022  
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.899051

91. Mind the Setback! Enacted sensemaking in young workers’ early career transitions
Gloria Kutscher, Wolfgang Mayrhofer
Organization Studies  vol: 44  issue: 7  first page: 1127  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1177/01708406231151495

92. Cronyism as a coping strategy: how do female academics deal with the lack of emancipative support?
Mohamed Mousa, Doaa Althalathini, Hala Abdelgaffar
Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration  vol: 16  issue: 4  first page: 979  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1108/APJBA-12-2022-0527

93. Toward a broader understanding of career shocks: Exploring interdisciplinary connections with research on job search, human resource management, entrepreneurship, and diversity
Jos Akkermans, David G. Collings, Serge P. da Motta Veiga, Corinne Post, Scott Seibert
Journal of Vocational Behavior  vol: 126  first page: 103563  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103563

94. Exploring different types of university graduates: a latent profile analysis on career strategies and employability in the new labour market
Giulia Paganin, Greta Mazzetti, Dina Guglielmi, Rita Chiesa, Marco Giovanni Mariani, Beatrice I.J.M. Van der Heijden
International Journal of Adolescence and Youth  vol: 30  issue: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1080/02673843.2025.2496451

95. Developing sustainable careers in higher education: third space professionals in Australia and Japan
Natalia Veles, Kohei Takagi
Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management  vol: 48  issue: 2-3  first page: 346  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1080/1360080X.2025.2548477

96. From There to Here: Reflections on Alternative Journeys to a Career in Academia
Alan Johnston, Steven Cock, Susan Walsh, Stuart Healy
International Journal of Human Resource Development: Practice, Policy and Research  vol: 7  issue: 2  first page: 19  year: 2023  
doi: 10.2478/ijhrd-2023-0003

97. Illustrating Instrumental Variable Regressions Using the Career Adaptability – Job Satisfaction Relationship
Grégoire Bollmann, Serguei Rouzinov, André Berchtold, Jérôme Rossier
Frontiers in Psychology  vol: 10  year: 2019  
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01481

98. The moderating effect of expatriate acculturation on career sustainability: Evidence from Chinese University alumni from Africa
George K. Agbanyo, Tachia Chin, Xinyu Li
South African Journal of Business Management  vol: 55  issue: 1  year: 2024  
doi: 10.4102/SAJBM.v55i1.4246

99. Understanding careers as translations: the importance of Bruno Latour for the study of careers
Hannelore Ottilie Van den Abeele
Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal  vol: 19  issue: 2  first page: 117  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1108/QROM-09-2023-2595

100. The Covid-19 crisis as a career shock: Implications for careers and vocational behavior
Jos Akkermans, Julia Richardson, Maria L. Kraimer
Journal of Vocational Behavior  vol: 119  first page: 103434  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103434

101. The Conceptualisation of Weather as a Career Metaphor
William E. Donald
Sustainability  vol: 14  issue: 14  first page: 8856  year: 2022  
doi: 10.3390/su14148856

102. Advancing HRD measurement: a comprehensive guide to IRT and GRM in an international context
Walid El Mansour, Myeongsun Yoon, Seung Won Yoon
Human Resource Development International  vol: 29  issue: 1  first page: 7  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1080/13678868.2025.2558568

103. La Covid-19, un choc de carrière restructurant le sens du travail
Pauline de Becdelièvre, François Grima, Nathalie Dubost, Philippe Denis
Revue Française de Gestion  vol: 46  issue: 293  first page: 151  year: 2020  
doi: 10.3166/rfg.2020.00491

104. Effets de facteurs induits par la pandémie de Covid-19 sur les caractéristiques d’un travail qui a du sens
Élodie Chevallier, Réginald Savard, Alexandre Brien, Pawel Zaniewski, Jean-Luc Bernaud
L’Orientation scolaire et professionnelle  vol: 53/1  first page: 115–148  year: 2024  
doi: 10.4000/osp.18799

105. Careers after COVID-19: challenges and changes
Linda M. Hite, Kimberly S. McDonald
Human Resource Development International  vol: 23  issue: 4  first page: 427  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1080/13678868.2020.1779576

106. Perceptions of Organizational Politics Research: Past, Present, and Future
Wayne A. Hochwarter, Christopher C. Rosen, Samantha L. Jordan, Gerald R. Ferris, Aqsa Ejaz, Liam P. Maher
Journal of Management  vol: 46  issue: 6  first page: 879  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1177/0149206319898506

107. Positive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic? A longitudinal study on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physicians’ work experiences and employability
Evelien H van Leeuwen, Toon Taris, Elizabeth L J van Rensen, Eva Knies, Jan-Willem Lammers
BMJ Open  vol: 11  issue: 12  first page: e050962  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050962

108. Breaches and buffers: Can meaningful work impact turnover during COVID-19 pandemic?
Michele L. Heath, Erika N. Williams, William Luse
Review of Managerial Science  vol: 18  issue: 1  first page: 83  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1007/s11846-022-00612-x

109. Disentangling Career Change Magnitude Through Expert Analysis
Sieraadj Orie, Ellen R. Peeters, Judith H. Semeijn
Journal of Career Development  vol: 52  issue: 3  first page: 336  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1177/08948453251319028

110. Emerging athletes’ career transitions in professional sport: an existential multi-case perspective
P. G. Thomas, P. Lucas, S. Walters, A. R. H. Oldham
Frontiers in Sports and Active Living  vol: 6  year: 2024  
doi: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1401848

111. Proposition d’une grille de lecture innovante des processus de mobilités intra-organisationnelles responsables
Cynthia Blanchette
Management & Sciences Sociales  vol: N° 31  issue: 2  first page: 98  year: 2021  
doi: 10.3917/mss.031.0098

112. Advancing Research on Career Sustainability
Jeffrey H. Greenhaus, Gerard A. Callanan, Gary N. Powell
Journal of Career Development  vol: 51  issue: 4  first page: 478  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1177/08948453241260871

113. The relationship between career capital and career success among Finnish knowledge workers
Maria Järlström, Tiina Brandt, Anni Rajala
Baltic Journal of Management  vol: 15  issue: 5  first page: 687  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1108/BJM-10-2019-0357

114. A bibliometric review of research on employability: dataset from Scopus between 1972 and 2019
Ngoan Thi Dinh, Luong Dinh Hai, Hiep-Hung Pham
Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning  vol: 13  issue: 1  first page: 1  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1108/HESWBL-02-2022-0031

115. Increasing the chances of career success abroad: the role of cultural orientations in the relationship between international students’ protean career orientation, career competencies and perceived employability
Maria Tamontseva, Jos Akkermans
Human Resource Development International  first page: 1  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1080/13678868.2024.2366729

116. Informal Education as a Method of Young Specialist`s Anxiety Overcoming
Nataliia Rubel
Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series “Psychology”  issue: 2 (12)  first page: 87  year: 2020  
doi: 10.17721/BSP.2020.2(12).16

117. Rise up: Career empowerment, adaptability and resilience during a pandemic
Mirit K. Grabarski, Maria Mouratidou
Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration  vol: 41  issue: 1  first page: 7  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1002/cjas.1740

118. Significant Life Events and Career Sustainability: A Three-Wave Study
Shagini Udayar, Leandro Ivan Canzio, Ieva Urbanaviciute, Jonas Masdonati, Jérôme Rossier
Sustainability  vol: 13  issue: 23  first page: 13129  year: 2021  
doi: 10.3390/su132313129

119. Assessing the determinants of teachers’ job happiness in the private universities
Baohua Chen, Guangxin Ren, Yanjun Liu
Frontiers in Psychology  vol: 13  year: 2022  
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1018517

120. Technological self-efficacy and occupational mobility intentions in the face of technological advancement: a moderated mediation model
Guri Medici, Gudela Grote, Ivana Igic, Andreas Hirschi
European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology  vol: 32  issue: 4  first page: 538  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2023.2197215

121. Fostering emergent career agency: moving forward when young adults’ career development stalls
Marijn Neuman, Marco Mazereeuw, Monique Volman
British Journal of Guidance & Counselling  vol: 53  issue: 4  first page: 599  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1080/03069885.2025.2538460

122. What if we abandon the concept of career proactivity to move research forward?
Anneleen Forrier
Applied Psychology  vol: 72  issue: 1  first page: 191  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1111/apps.12441

123. Career Goal Profiles of Early Career Scientists: A Person-Centered Approach
Ruth Noppeney, Anna M. Stertz, Bettina S. Wiese
Journal of Career Development  vol: 49  issue: 5  first page: 1048  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1177/08948453211017235

124. Toward a contextualized perspective of employability development
Jos Akkermans, Pascale Le Blanc, Beatrice Van der Heijden, Ans De Vos
European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology  vol: 33  issue: 1  first page: 1  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2023.2291763

125. Executives and career shocks: observations from coaching practice
Konstantin Korotov
Career Development International  vol: 26  issue: 4  first page: 582  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1108/CDI-11-2020-0303

126. Approach or avoidance? A dual-pathway model of job crafting in response to generative AI and its impact on career sustainability
Yuanzhe Liu, Hongzhen Lei, Xiaoqian Qu
Frontiers in Psychology  vol: 17  year: 2026  
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1779227

127. Pandemics: Implications for research and practice in industrial and organizational psychology
Cort W. Rudolph, Blake Allan, Malissa Clark, Guido Hertel, Andreas Hirschi, Florian Kunze, Kristen Shockley, Mindy Shoss, Sabine Sonnentag, Hannes Zacher
Industrial and Organizational Psychology  vol: 14  issue: 1-2  first page: 1  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1017/iop.2020.48

128. Initial employability development: introducing a conceptual model integrating signalling and social exchange mechanisms
Jos Akkermans, Michael Tomlinson, Valerie Anderson
European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology  vol: 33  issue: 1  first page: 54  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2023.2186783

129. Black Women’s Career Success: Integrating Intersectionality and Career Success Research
Holly Slay Ferraro, Jennifer A. Marrone
Group & Organization Management  vol: 50  issue: 2  first page: 381  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1177/10596011251316404

130. WHY ADOPT A SUSTAINABILITY APPROACH IN CAREER STUDIES? A THEORETICAL ESSAY ABOUT THE FOUNDATIONS AND THE RELEVANCE OF THE DISCUSSION
Camila Vieira Müller, Angela Beatriz Busato Scheffer
Revista de Administração de Empresas  vol: 62  issue: 5  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1590/s0034-759020220506x

131. Surviving adversity: personal and career resilience in the AEC industry during the COVID-19 pandemic
Naomi Borg, Christina M. Scott-Young, Nader Naderpajouh, Jessica Borg
Construction Management and Economics  vol: 41  issue: 5  first page: 361  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1080/01446193.2022.2096250

132. Precarious employment amidst global crises: career shocks, resources and migrants' employability
Kornélia Anna Kerti, Marloes Van Engen, Orsolya Szabó, Brigitte Kroon, Inge Bleijenbergh, Charissa Freese
Career Development International  vol: 29  issue: 2  first page: 220  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1108/CDI-10-2023-0357

133. Obstacles open the door — Negative shocks can motivate individuals to focus on opportunities
Jin Feng, Wenxia Zhou, Shuoyu Li, Mengyi Li
Frontiers of Business Research in China  vol: 13  issue: 1  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1186/s11782-019-0067-9

134. Chance events in managers' careers: Positive and negative events, their expected and unexpected outcomes
Celine Legrand, Christine Naschberger, Yehuda Baruch, Nikos Bozionelos
European Management Review  vol: 20  issue: 3  first page: 461  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1111/emre.12546

135. Work arrangement “yo-yo”: forced flexibility from the office to home and back again
Uma Jogulu, Nicola Green, Esme Franken, Alexis Vassiley, Tim Bentley, Leigh-ann Onnis
Personnel Review  vol: 53  issue: 5  first page: 1224  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1108/PR-02-2023-0088

136. Occupational commitment from a life span perspective
Daniel Spurk, Annabelle Hofer, Anne Burmeister, Julia Muehlhausen, Judith Volmer
Career Development International  vol: 24  issue: 3  first page: 190  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1108/CDI-07-2018-0184

137. Yerel ve Küresel Risklerin Arttığı 21. Yüzyılda Kariyer Şokları
Volkan Aşkun
Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi  vol: 15  issue: 44  first page: 1197  year: 2024  
doi: 10.21076/vizyoner.1492689

138. A person-in-context perspective on care(e)r success: examining (changing) conceptualisations of career success of mid-life women providing informal care for dependent adults
Louise Oldridge, Anne-marie Greene
Human Resource Development International  first page: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1080/13678868.2025.2557784

139. Increasing nurses’ occupational well-being: the role of career shocks, job crafting and supervisor autonomy support
Ying Zhang, Xing Bu, Na Zhang
BMC Nursing  vol: 23  issue: 1  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1186/s12912-024-01955-4

140. Psychosocial career preoccupation and organisational commitment at higher educational institutions in Ghana: The role of workplace friendship
Dorothy Amfo-Antiri, Isaac Tetteh Kwao, Kassimu Issau, Emmanuel Essandoh, Emmanuel Agyenim Boateng, Esther Bema Nimo, Kofi Agyekum
PLOS One  vol: 21  issue: 3  first page: e0340460  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0340460

141. Reconversion : et si on changeait tout ?
Isabelle Olry-Louis
Cerveau & Psycho  vol: n° 184  issue: 2  first page: 52  year: 2026  
doi: 10.3917/cerpsy.184.0052