Original Research

The experience of women in male-dominated occupations: A constructivist grounded theory inquiry

Phiona Martin, Antoni Barnard
SA Journal of Industrial Psychology | Vol 39, No 2 | a1099 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1099 | © 2013 Phiona Martin, Antoni Barnard | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 25 February 2013 | Published: 28 June 2013

About the author(s)

Phiona Martin, Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, University of South Africa, South Africa
Antoni Barnard, Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, University of South Africa, South Africa

Abstract

Orientation: Women in male-dominated occupations face unique challenges and use distinct coping strategies affecting their motivation and retention in these occupations.

Research purpose: The purpose was to explore the experiences of women working in maledominated occupations to clarify the challenges they face and identify coping strategies that enable them to continue on their career paths.

Motivation for the study: Many women who choose male-dominated careers soon change in favour of more female-dominated or gender-balanced career paths. An understanding of women’s experiences may facilitate strategies geared towards their motivation and retention in male-dominated occupations.

Research design, approach and method: The authors conducted this exploratory qualitative study from a constructivist grounded theory perspective. They used a purposive sample of five women and conducted in-depth unstructured interviews. They analysed data using a constructivist grounded theory methodology.

Main findings: The authors found that formal and covert organisational practices, which upheld gender discrimination and bias, were the main challenges that women face. These practices included the inadequate accommodation of women’s unique physical, identity and work-life balance needs. Elements of women’s resilience included the use of femininity, adopting male characteristics, mentorship and intrinsic motivational factors.

Practical/managerial implications: The findings may guide organisations to develop and implement policies, strategies and initiatives geared towards attracting, integrating, retaining, supporting and motivating women who are, or wish to be, employed in historically maledominated occupations.

Contribution/value-add: This study contributes to an evolving body of knowledge aimed at understanding how to integrate and retain women in male-dominated occupations better.

Keywords

qualitative research; constructivist grounded theory; male-dominated occupation; gender transformation; gender equity; resilience

Metrics

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WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation  vol: 80  issue: 1  first page: 96  year: 2025  
doi: 10.3233/WOR-230607

83. Redoing Gender: How Women in the Funeral Industry Use Essentialism for Equality
Allison‐Scott Pruitt
Gender, Work & Organization  vol: 25  issue: 2  first page: 144  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1111/gwao.12203

84. Exploring the links between gender, dwelling, and career orientations of African emerging adults
Tshepo Matjie, Melinde Coetzee
Journal of Psychology in Africa  vol: 28  issue: 4  first page: 303  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1080/14330237.2018.1501896

85. Gender Dynamics: A Case Study of Role Allocation in Engineering Education
Sune Von Solms, Hannelie Nel, Johan Meyer
IEEE Access  vol: 6  first page: 270  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2744680

86. Culture of Corrections: The Experiences of Women Correctional Officers
Freda Burdett, Lynne Gouliquer, Carmen Poulin
Feminist Criminology  vol: 13  issue: 3  first page: 329  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1177/1557085118767974

87. Gender Gaps in Venture Capital Performance
Paul A. Gompers, Vladimir Mukharlyamov, Emily Weisburst, Yuhai Xuan
Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis  vol: 57  issue: 2  first page: 485  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1017/S0022109020000988

88. The relationship between gender stereotypes and job satisfaction among female employees: the role of years of education and subjective well-being
Youlai Zeng, Lilan Zhu, Qianqian Kang, Shuping Yang
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications  vol: 12  issue: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1057/s41599-025-06181-0

89. Empowering women in South African law enforcement: Developing authenticity as best-self
Rochelle Jacobs, Antoni Barnard
Journal of Psychology in Africa  vol: 33  issue: 4  first page: 337  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1080/14330237.2023.2233229

90. Crafting Spaces: Deleuzian Perspectives on Women's Identity Work in Male‐Dominated Jobs
Obaa Akua Konadu‐Osei, Smaranda Boroş, Anita Bosch
Gender, Work & Organization  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1111/gwao.70078

91. Resilience in a hostile workplace: the experience of women onsite in construction
Michelle Turner, Sarah Holdsworth, Christina M. Scott-Young, Kara Sandri
Construction Management and Economics  vol: 39  issue: 10  first page: 839  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1080/01446193.2021.1981958

92. Mechanisms to promote board gender diversity in South Africa
Suzette Viviers, Nadia Mans-Kemp, Rebecca Fawcett
Acta Commercii  vol: 17  issue: 1  year: 2017  
doi: 10.4102/ac.v17i1.489

93. BADASSES: The Rise of Women in Criminal Justice
Jacqueline B. Helfgott, Elaine Gunnison, Autumn Murtagh, Bridgette Navejar
Women & Criminal Justice  vol: 28  issue: 4  first page: 235  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1080/08974454.2018.1468296

94. How work–family conflict impacts turnover intention: Sequential mediating of work stress and job satisfaction of young female employees in resorts in Macau
Yang Bai, Jinquan Zhou, Hong-Wai Ho
Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism  vol: 24  issue: 4  first page: 742  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1080/15332845.2025.2531599

95. Determinants and consequences of gender segregation in the labor market: A comparative analysis of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan
Yeldar Mubarakov, Ilona Bordiyanu, Ayazhan Seriktayeva, Zhassulan Baikenov, Gulnar Sarsembayeva
Problems and Perspectives in Management  vol: 23  issue: 3  first page: 413  year: 2025  
doi: 10.21511/ppm.23(3).2025.30

96. Comin' out the kitchen with our aprons on : The intersectionality of race and gender in African American women athletic administrators at NCAA Division-I HBCUs
Margaret Wilkins, John C. Barnes
Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education  first page: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1080/19357397.2025.2470096

97. Barriers to Attracting and Retaining Female Construction Graduates into Academic Careers in Higher Education Institutions
James Dele Owolabi, Kunle Elizah Ogundipe, Babatunde Fatai Ogunbayo, Clinton Ohis Aigbavboa
Buildings  vol: 13  issue: 10  first page: 2673  year: 2023  
doi: 10.3390/buildings13102673