Original Research

Past performance and future perspectives of burnout research

W. B. Schaufeli
SA Journal of Industrial Psychology | Vol 29, No 4 | a127 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v29i4.127 | © 2003 W. B. Schaufeli | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 24 October 2003 | Published: 24 October 2003

About the author(s)

W. B. Schaufeli, Utrecht University The Netherlands, South Africa

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Abstract

After a brief introduction on the history of burnout, this article reviews the past performance of burnout research by answering ten key-questions: (1) How can burnout be assessed?; (2) Is burnout limited to the human services?; (3) Is burnout a mental disorder; (4) What is the prevalence of burnout?; (5) Is burnout a global phenomenon?; (6) Is burnout relevant for organisations; (7) What are the causes of burnout?; (8) What are the consequences of burnout?; (9) How can burnout be explained?; (10) Are burnout interventions effective? In the concluding section a future research agenda is drafted on the bases of the answers given to the previous questions. This agenda includes such issues as the measurement and conceptualisation of burnout, mild and severe forms of burnout, epidemiological and cross-cultural perspectives, organisational outcomes, longitudinal investigations, theoretical explanations, and interventions.

Opsomming
Na ’n kort inleiding oor die geskiedenis van uitbranding gee hierdie artikel ’n oorsig van vorige prestasie van navorsing ten opsigte van uitbranding deur tien sleutelvrae te beantwoord: (1) Hoe kan uitbranding bepaal word?; (2) Is uitbranding beperk tot die mens-dienste?; (3) Is uitbranding ’n geestesafwyking?; (4) Wat is die voorkoms van uitbranding?; (5) Is uitbranding ’n wêreldwye verskynsel?; (6) Is uitbranding relevant vir organisasies?; (7) Wat is die oorsake van uitbranding?; (8) Wat is die gevolge van uitbranding?; (9) Hoe kan uitbranding verklaar word?; (10) Is uitbrandingsingrepe effektief? In die gevolgtrekking word ’n toekomstige navorsingsagenda op grond van die antwoorde op die voorafgaande vrae opgestel. Hierdie agenda sluit aangeleenthede soos die meting en konseptualisering van uitbranding, matige en ernstige vorme van uitbranding, epidemiologiese en kruiskulturele perspektiewe, organisasie- uitkomste, longitudinale ondersoeke, teoretiese verklarings en intervensies in.


Keywords

Burnout

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George S. Androulakis, Dimitra Ap. Georgiou, Olga Lainidi, Anthony Montgomery, Wilmar B. Schaufeli
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health  vol: 20  issue: 10  first page: 5827  year: 2023  
doi: 10.3390/ijerph20105827

80. Guest editorial
Katina Pollock, Fei Wang, Julia Mahfouz
Journal of Educational Administration  vol: 58  issue: 4  first page: 389  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1108/JEA-08-2020-237

81. Burnout and health behaviors in health professionals from seven European countries
Anna Alexandrova-Karamanova, Irina Todorova, Anthony Montgomery, Efharis Panagopoulou, Patricia Costa, Adriana Baban, Asli Davas, Milan Milosevic, Dragan Mijakoski
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health  vol: 89  issue: 7  first page: 1059  year: 2016  
doi: 10.1007/s00420-016-1143-5

82. Cognitive and affective predictors of occupational stress and job performance: the role of perceived organizational support and work engagement
Ana Junça Silva, Cannanda Lopes
Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences  vol: 39  issue: 4  first page: 1013  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1108/JEAS-02-2021-0020

83. Validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey among Sri Lankan Nursing Officers
D. B. D. L. Samaranayake, S. R. De A. Seneviratne
Psychological Studies  vol: 57  issue: 1  first page: 101  year: 2012  
doi: 10.1007/s12646-011-0135-5

84. Leading the asset: Resilience training efficacy in UK policing
Ian Hesketh, Cary Cooper, Jonathan Ivy
The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles  vol: 92  issue: 1  first page: 56  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1177/0032258X18763101

85. Does Enthusiasm for Work Lead to Typical Burnout? A Three‐Wave Panel Study with Caregivers1, 2
Junichi Igawa, Toshiki Fukuzaki, Ryosuke Iotake, Daisuke Nakanishi
Japanese Psychological Research  vol: 66  issue: 3  first page: 276  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1111/jpr.12407

86. Wpływ stresu zawodowego oraz satysfakcji z pracy na skłonność do kompulsywnego kupowania (zakupoholizmu)
Katarzyna Szkudlarek
Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne  vol: 54  first page: 95  year: 2026  
doi: 10.19195/1733-5779.54.6

87. Relationship between environmental factors and burnout of psychotherapists: Meta‐analytic approach
Mi Kyoung Lee, Eunjoo Kim, In Shil Paik, Jihyun Chung, Sang Min Lee
Counselling and Psychotherapy Research  vol: 20  issue: 1  first page: 164  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1002/capr.12245

88. Burnout and Perceived Stress among University Coaches in Lithuania
Romualdas Malinauskas, Vilija Malinauskiene, Audrone Dumciene
Journal of Occupational Health  vol: 52  issue: 5  first page: 302  year: 2010  
doi: 10.1539/joh.O10006

89. Engagement of secondary school teachers in Namibia: Relational context effects
Manfred Janik, Sebastiaan Rothmann
Journal of Psychology in Africa  vol: 26  issue: 4  first page: 316  year: 2016  
doi: 10.1080/14330237.2016.1208921

90. دور ادارة الحكمة في الحد من الاحتراق الوظيفي: دراسة استطلاعية لآراء عينة من الموظفين الاداريين في رئاسة جامعة الموصل
بشار غانم البياتي
Tikrit Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences  vol: 19  issue: 64, 2  first page: 278  year: 2023  
doi: 10.25130/tjaes.19.64.2.16

91. Personality and job satisfaction among Chinese health practitioners: The mediating role of professional quality of life
Wendy Wen Li, Guojun Xie
Health Psychology Open  vol: 7  issue: 2  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1177/2055102920965053

92. Mesleki Sonuç Beklentisi ve Tükenmişlik İlişkisinde Yaşam Doyumunun Aracı Rolü: İİBF Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Ferhan UÇAK, Mustafa YILDIRIM
Alanya Akademik Bakış  vol: 7  issue: 3  first page: 1177  year: 2023  
doi: 10.29023/alanyaakademik.1233872

93. Operationalizing burnout in the Maslach Burnout Inventory–Student Survey: personal efficacy versus personal inefficacy
Brandon Morgan, Gideon P de Bruin, Karina de Bruin
South African Journal of Psychology  vol: 44  issue: 2  first page: 216  year: 2014  
doi: 10.1177/0081246314528834

94. A five‐sample confirmatory factor analytic study of burnout‐depression overlap
Renzo Bianchi, Irvin Sam Schonfeld, Jay Verkuilen
Journal of Clinical Psychology  vol: 76  issue: 4  first page: 801  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1002/jclp.22927

95. Unbraiding the effect of policy benefits on subjective well-being: the mediating role of work-related well-being
Sushmita Singh
Journal of Advances in Management Research  vol: 22  issue: 1  first page: 47  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1108/JAMR-03-2024-0119

96. From emotional exhaustion to cynicism in academic burnout among Korean high school students: Focusing on the mediation effects of hatred of academic work
Minyoung Lee, Kyeong‐Joo Lee, Sang M. Lee, Soohyun Cho
Stress and Health  vol: 36  issue: 3  first page: 376  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1002/smi.2936

97. Relationship between mentalizing and teacher burnout: A cross sectional study
Teodora Safiye, Branimir Vukčević, Ardea Milidrag, Jakša Dubljanin, Azra Gutić Cikotić, Draško Dubljanin, Maja Lačković, Ivana Rodić, Milica Nikolić, Goran Čolaković, Tatjana Mladenović, Medo Gutić, Krishna Mohan Surapaneni
PLOS ONE  vol: 18  issue: 1  first page: e0279535  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279535

98. Disentangling the relationships between job burnout and perceived health in a military sample
Amiram D. Vinokur, Penny F. Pierce, Lisa Lewandowski‐Romps
Stress and Health  vol: 25  issue: 4  first page: 355  year: 2009  
doi: 10.1002/smi.1264

99. Are algorithmically controlled gig workers deeply burned out? An empirical study on employee work engagement
Jiao Jiao Lang, Li Feng Yang, Chen Cheng, Xiang Yang Cheng, Fei Yu Chen
BMC Psychology  vol: 11  issue: 1  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1186/s40359-023-01402-0

100. Investigating the reversed causality of engagement and burnout in job demands-resources theory
Leon T. De Beer, Jaco Pienaar, Sebastiaan Rothmann
SA Journal of Industrial Psychology  vol: 39  issue: 1  year: 2013  
doi: 10.4102/sajip.v39i1.1055

101. School Burnout after COVID-19, Prevalence and Role of Different Risk and Protective Factors in Preteen Students
Noémie Lacombe, Maryelle Hey, Verena Hofmann, Céline Pagnotta, Myriam Squillaci
Children  vol: 10  issue: 5  first page: 823  year: 2023  
doi: 10.3390/children10050823

102. Quantitative Demands, Burnout, and Allied Outcomes for Indian Police Officers
Anil Kumar, Sarang Narula
FIIB Business Review  vol: 10  issue: 1  first page: 74  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1177/2319714521999136

103. In Their Shoes
Yihong Wang, Konstantinos Papangelis, Ioanna Lykourentzou, Hai-Ning Liang, Irwyn Sadien, Evangelia Demerouti, Vassilis-Javed Khan
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction  vol: 4  issue: GROUP  first page: 1  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1145/3375187

104. DUYGUSAL EMEK VE TÜKENMİŞLİK İLİŞKİSİ
Senem ALTAN, Murat ÖZPEHLİVAN
International Journal of Management and Administration  vol: 3  issue: 5  first page: 80  year: 2019  
doi: 10.29064/ijma.518590

105. The Relationship Between the Big Five Personality Factors and Burnout: A Study Among Volunteer Counselors
Arnold B. Bakker, Karen I. Van Der Zee, Kerry A. Lewig, Maureen F. Dollard
The Journal of Social Psychology  vol: 146  issue: 1  first page: 31  year: 2006  
doi: 10.3200/SOCP.146.1.31-50

106. Servant leadership and work-related well-being in a construction company
Michiel F. Coetzer, Mark H.R. Bussin, Madelyn Geldenhuys
SA Journal of Industrial Psychology  vol: 43  year: 2017  
doi: 10.4102/sajip.v43i0.1478

107. Effect of cultural intelligence on burnout of Chinese expatriates in Thailand: The mediating role of host country national coworker support
Liping Fu, Peerayuth Charoensukmongkol
Current Psychology  vol: 42  issue: 5  first page: 4041  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1007/s12144-021-01728-1

108. Relations between academic performance, student engagement and student burnout: A cross-lagged analysis of a two-wave study
Ramona Paloș, Laurenţiu P. Maricuţoiu, Iuliana Costea
Studies in Educational Evaluation  vol: 60  first page: 199  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1016/j.stueduc.2019.01.005

109. Psychological Distress, Burnout, and Academic Performance in First Year College Students
Jaume-Miquel March-Amengual, Irene Cambra Badii, Joan-Carles Casas-Baroy, Cristina Altarriba, Anna Comella Company, Ramon Pujol-Farriols, Josep-Eladi Baños, Paola Galbany-Estragués, Agustí Comella Cayuela
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health  vol: 19  issue: 6  first page: 3356  year: 2022  
doi: 10.3390/ijerph19063356

110. Emotional Exhaustion and Cognitive Performance in Apparently Healthy Teachers: A Longitudinal Multi‐source Study
Nicolas Feuerhahn, Christian Stamov‐Roßnagel, Maren Wolfram, Silja Bellingrath, Brigitte M. Kudielka
Stress and Health  vol: 29  issue: 4  first page: 297  year: 2013  
doi: 10.1002/smi.2467

111. The impact of alexithymia on burnout amongst relatives of people who suffer from traumatic brain injury
Maria Katsifaraki, Rodger Ll. Wood
Brain Injury  vol: 28  issue: 11  first page: 1389  year: 2014  
doi: 10.3109/02699052.2014.919538

112. Originalbeiträge (Originals). Burnout and Personality Structure: A Comparison of Medical, Psychology and Teaching and Other Students / Burnout und Persönlichkeitsstruktur: Ein Vergleich von Medizin-, Psychologie-, Lehramt- und anderen Studierenden
Leonie Derwahl, Ines Buchholz, Bernhard Strauß, Antje Gumz
Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie  vol: 72  issue: 2  first page: 142  year: 2026  
doi: 10.13109/zptm.2026.72.2.142

113. Life satisfaction, psychological stress, and present-moment attention: a generalizability study
Armin Jentsch, Frances Hoferichter
Frontiers in Psychology  vol: 15  year: 2024  
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1258896

114. ATLAS—a psychobiological model of teacher stress in classroom interactions
Alexander Wettstein, Ida Schneider, Gabriel Jenni, Sonia J. Lupien
Frontiers in Psychology  vol: 17  year: 2026  
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1869744

115. Optimising motivation and reducing burnout for radiation oncology trainees: A framework using self‐determination theory
Michael Poulsen, Anne A Poulsen
Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology  vol: 62  issue: 5  first page: 684  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1111/1754-9485.12725